Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Abbreviations, Chemical formulae, Silicon grades, Exchange rates
1. Capacities and Market
1.1 The prelude in 2008
1.2 Trends across the world regions
1.3 The losers
1.4 The baby boomers
1.5 The winners
1.6 Supply scenario through 2012
1.7 Perspectives on demand
2. Technologies and Cost
2.1 A brief look back into history
2.2 The Siemens process
2.3 A simplified Siemens process
2.4 Monosilane-based approaches
2.5 Fluidized bed reactor technology
2.6 Vapor to Liquid Deposition
2.7 Reduction of silicon tetrachloride with zinc
2.8 Reduction of silicon tetrafluoride
2.9 Electrolytic approaches
2.10 Physical purification of silicon metal
2.11 Direct carbothermic reduction
2.12 Conclusions
3. Companies – The Who’s Who
3.1 The Americas (Canada, USA, Brazil)
Map of locations
6N Silicon Inc.
21-Century Silicon, Inc.
AE Polysilicon Corp.
Arise Technologies Corp.
Bécancour Silicon, Inc.
Buckeye Silicon, Inc.
Dow Corning Corp.
Global PV Specialists, Inc.
Hemlock Semiconductor Corp.
Hoku Materials, Inc.
Iosil Energy Corp.
Mayaterials Inc.
MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc.
Peak Sun Silicon Corp.
REC Silicon Inc.
Rima Industrial S/A
RSI Silicon Products LLC
Solsil Inc.
SRI International
3.2 Europe
Map of locations
Centesil S.L.
City Solar Technologie GmbH & Co. KG
Elkem Solar AS
Fesil Sunergy AS
Girasolar B.V.
Grupo Ferroatlántica S.L.
Hycore ANS
JSSi GmbH
Ned Silicon SpA
Prime Solar Pty. Ltd.
PV Crystalox Solar Silicon GmbH
Scheuten Solarworld Solicium GmbH
Schmid Pilot Production GmbH
Silfab SpA
Silicio Energía S.A.
Silicium de Provence S.A.S.
Siliken Chemicals S.L.
Solarvalue AG
The Silicon Mine B.V.
Wacker Chemie AG
Other projects
Estelux Srl
Italsilicon SpA
Pevafersa S.A.
Xgroup SpA
3.3 Japan
Map of locations
JFE Steel Corp.
M.Setek Co., Ltd.
Mitsubishi Materials Corp.
New Japan Solar Silicon, Inc.
NS Solar Material Co., Ltd.
Osaka Titanium technologies Co., Ltd.
Tokuyama Corp.
3.4 South Korea
Map of locations
Hankook Silicon Co., Ltd.
KCC Corp. and Korea Advanced Materials (KAM Corp.)
OCI Company Ltd. (formerly DC Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Woongjin Polysilicon Co., Ltd.
Other projects
Hanwha Chemical Corp.
Innovation Silicon Co., Ltd.
LG Chem, Ltd.
Samsung Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd./Samsung Petrochemical Co., Ltd.
Sphere Renewable Energy Asia Pacific, Inc.
3.5 China
Map of locations
Asia Silicon (Qinghai) Co., Ltd.
Chongqing Daqo New Energy Co., Ltd.
Dalu Polysilicon Co., Ltd.
Emei Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
Erdos Polysilicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Fine Silicon Co., Ltd.
Guodian Ningxia Solar Energy Co., Ltd.
Jaco Solarsi Ltd.
Jiangsu Shunda Electronic Material & Technology Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd.
Jiangxi Jingde Photovoltaic New Material Co., Ltd. (PVMTech)
Jiangxi Tongneng Silicon Material Co., Ltd.
Kailun Photovoltaic Materials Co., Ltd.
Kunming Yeyan New Materials Co., Ltd.
LDK Solar Co., Ltd.
Leshan Ledian Tianwei Silicon Science and Technology Co., Ltd.
Linghai Jinhua Smeltery Co., Ltd.
Linzhou Zhongsheng Semiconductor Silicon Material Co., Ltd.
Luoyang Sino-Silicon High-Tech Co., Ltd.
Niking Technology Co., Ltd.
Ningxia Sunshine Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Qingdao DTK Industries Co., Ltd.
Shaanxi Tianhong Silicon Material Co., Ltd.
Shanxi Lu'an Mining Industry Group Co., Ltd.
Shenzhou Silicon Industry Co., Ltd. (Orisi)
Sichuan Hualin Silicon Energy Co., Ltd.
Sichuan Renesola Silicon Material Co., Ltd.
Sichuan Xinguang Silicon Technology Co., Ltd.
Sichuan Yongxiang Polysilicon Co., Ltd.
Sinosteel Scie-Tech Development Co., Ltd.
TBEA Xinjiang Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Tianwei Sichuan Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Wuxi/Lianyungang Zhongcai Technology Co., Ltd.
Yichang CSG Polysilicon Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Pro Power Silicon Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Zhongning Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Other projects
Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd./China Metallurgical Group Corp.
Beijing Instrument Industry Group Co., Ltd.
Fushun Koshuha Foundry Co., Ltd.
Diantou Rixin Yingtian Technology Co., Ltd.
Guodian Inner Mongolia Jingyang Energy Co., Ltd.
Inner Mongolia Dunan Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd.
Inner Mongolia Fengwei Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Inner Mongolia Zhongsheng Technology New Materials Co., Ltd.
Jiangxi Jingda Semiconductor Material Co., Ltd.
Liaoning Shuangyi Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Luoyang Century and the New Source of Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City Investment and Development Co., Ltd.
Xiangxi Sanfangxiang New Energy Co., Ltd.
Yaan Yongwang Silicon Industry Co., Ltd.
Zhaoge Riguang New Energy Resources Co., Ltd.
3.6 Taiwan
Map of locations
Muto Silicon Corp.
Sun Materials Technology Co., Ltd.
Taiwan Polysilicon Corp.
Top Green Energy Technologies, Inc.
Other projects
Big Sun Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
Formosa Plastics Group
Unimicron Technology Corp./BOCLH Industrial Gases Co., Ltd.
Universal Semiconductor Corp.
3.7 Russia/Commonwealth of Independent States
Map of locations
Nitol Solar Ltd.
Semiconductor Plant OJSC
Semiconductor Silicon Plant JSC
Solar Wind Ltd.
Tash-Kumyr Silicon Productions JSC
Other projects
Kaz Silicon LLP/Zhersu Group
Khimprom JSC (Novocheboksarsk)/Renova Orgsyntes CJSC
Khimprom Volgograd JSC
Kun Renewables LLP/Lancaster Group
Kyshtym Mining & Processing Combine JSC
Podolsk Chemical & Metallurgical Plant JSC
Russian Silicium LLC/Basic Element Co.
Ryazan Metal Ceramics Instrumentation Plant JSC
Sibirskiy Kremniy Ltd./FIU Sibconcord/Xgroup SpA
NPO Silarus JSC/Titan Group CJSC
Solar Energy LLC/Industrial Investors Group
Zi Poli Tomsk Ltd.
3.8 India and Arabian Peninsula
Map of locations
Indo-Norwegian Solar Pvt. Ltd.
Other Indian projects
Bharat Electronics Ltd./Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Bhaskar Silicon Ltd.
Euro Multivision Ltd.
Iacharya Silicon Ltd.
Lanco Solar Pvt. Ltd.
Maharishi Solar Technology Pvt. Ltd.
Metkem Silicon
Reliance Industries Ltd.
Titan Energy Systems Ltd.
Vavasi Silicon Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Velankani Renewable Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Arabian projects
Abu Dhabi Future Energy Co.
Cosmos Industrial Investment Corp./First Energy Bank
Polysilicon Technology Co.
Qatar Solar Technologies
Appendix: Equipment suppliers and engineering companies
List of Tables and Figures
1. Capacities and Market
Projects that have been delayed, postponed, suspended or totally abandoned
Polysilicon manufacturers in 2006
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2008
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2010
Top ten polysilicon manufacturers in 2012
Silicon production by world region 2006 through 2012 (in metric tons)
Polysilicon production by company 2006 through 2012 (in metric tons)
Production of physically purified silicon by company 2006 through 2012 (in metric tons)
Polysilicon demand of the semiconductor industry
Research data on cell/module production (in GW)
Production of crystalline cells/modules (in MW)
Silicon demand of the photovoltaic industry
PV production and installation forecasts of Sarasin and First Solar
Total silicon supply for the semiconductor and PV industries (MT)
Total silicon demand of the semiconductor and PV industries (MT)
Silicon supply/demand balance (MT)
Market-clearing crystalline module production
Silicon supply/demand imbalance leads to market correction
2. Technologies and Cost
17 activities to develop an alternative to the established Siemens process in 1985
Siemens rod reactor
Cost structure of polysilicon manufacturing
Companies using/developing monosilane-based approaches
TCS-fed fluidized bed reactor
Companies using/developing fluidized bed reactor technology
Companies developing Vapor to Liquid Deposition
Companies developing the reduction of silicon tetrachloride with zinc
Companies developing the reduction of silicon tetrafluoride with sodium or hydrogen
Companies developing electrolytic approaches
Feedstock specifications for solar-grade polysilicon and UMG silicon (ppmw)
UMG silicon manufacturers/developers, ranked by impurity concentrations
Carbothermic reduction of quartz in an arc furnace
Companies developing direct carbothermic reduction processes
3. Companies – The Who’s Who
Map of locations in the Americas
Map of locations in Europe
Map of locations in Japan
Map of locations in South Korea
Long-term polysilicon supply contracts of OCI Company Ltd.
Map of locations in China
Supply contracts of Jiangsu Zhongneng
Map of locations in Taiwan
Map of locations in Russia/Commonwealth of Independent States
Map of locations in India and on the Arabian Peninsula
Appendix: Equipment suppliers and engineering companies